Mass extinctions are something i have wondered about since i was in the 7th grade, and had this science teacher, a good teacher he was an encyclopedia of weird but cool science facts, he was most interested in tsunamis. They were often the topic of the day no mater what the scheduled topic was, it could be overridden by any new information about tsunamis. One day he discussed the tsunami that would be caused by Cumbre Vieja if it were to collapse into the Atlantic, sweeping almost 1000 miles inland and reaching a height of about of 1500 feet. More recent estimates are no where near that.
Wave height would be 1 to 3 meters, and travel far enough to cause significant damage to coastal cities and , was the latest estimate i could found.
This unfinished in my drafts for a very,very long time, thought about deleting it completely a few days ago....the this morning.....tsunami warnings......At any rateTsunami warning were posted for the northeast coastal area after offshore earthquakes{s} were reported..... and si it goes
The study, scheduled for online publication Oct. 4 in the journal AGU Advances, presents the first global simulation of the Chicxulub impact tsunami to be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. In addition, U-M researchers reviewed the geological record at more than 100 sites worldwide and found evidence that supports their models’ predictions about the tsunami’s path and power.
“This tsunami was strong enough to disturb and erode sediments in ocean basins halfway around the globe, leaving either a gap in the sedimentary records or a jumble of older sediments,” said lead author Molly Range, who conducted the modeling study for a master’s thesis under U-M physical oceanographer and study co-author Brian Arbic and U-M paleoceanographer and study co-author Ted Moore.
The review of the geological record focused on “boundary sections,” marine sediments deposited just before or just after the asteroid impact and the subsequent K-Pg mass extinction, which closed the Cretaceous Period.
“The distribution of the erosion and hiatuses that we observed in the uppermost Cretaceous marine sediments are consistent with our model results, which gives us more confidence in the model predictions,” said Range, who started the project as an undergraduate in Arbic’s lab in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
The study authors calculated that the initial energy in the impact tsunami was up to 30,000 times larger than the energy in the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tsunami, which killed more than 230,000 people and is one of the largest tsunamis in the modern record.
The team’s simulations show that the impact tsunami radiated mainly to the east and northeast into the North Atlantic Ocean, and to the southwest through the Central American Seaway (which used to separate North America and South America) into the South Pacific Ocean.
In those basins and in some adjacent areas, underwater current speeds likely exceeded 20 centimeters per second (0.4 mph), a velocity that is strong enough to erode fine-grained sediments on the seafloor.
In contrast, the South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the region that is today the Mediterranean were largely shielded from the strongest effects of the tsunami, according to the team’s simulation. In those places, the modeled current speeds were likely less than the 20 cm/sec threshold.
For the review of the geological record, U-M’s Moore analyzed published records of 165 marine boundary sections and was able to obtain usable information from 120 of them. Most of the sediments came from cores collected during scientific ocean-drilling projects.
The North Atlantic and South Pacific had the fewest sites with complete, uninterrupted K-Pg boundary sediments. In contrast, the largest number of complete K-Pg boundary sections were found in the South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean.
“We found corroboration in the geological record for the predicted areas of maximal impact in the open ocean,” said Arbic, professor of earth and environmental sciences who oversaw the project. “The geological evidence definitely strengthens the paper.”
Of special significance, according to the authors, are outcrops of the K-Pg boundary on the eastern shores of New Zealand’s north and south islands, which are more than 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) from the Yucatan impact site.
The heavily disturbed and incomplete New Zealand sediments, called olistostromal deposits, were originally thought to be the result of local tectonic activity. But given the age of the deposits and their location directly in the modeled pathway of the Chicxulub impact tsunami, the U-M-led research team suspects a different origin.
“We feel these deposits are recording the effects of the impact tsunami, and this is perhaps the most telling confirmation of the global significance of this event,” Range said.
The modeling portion of the study used a two-stage strategy. First, a large computer program called a hydrocode simulated the chaotic first 10 minutes of the event, which included the impact, crater formation and initiation of the tsunami. That work was conducted by co-author Brandon Johnson of Purdue University.
Based on the findings of previous studies, the researchers modeled an asteroid that was 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter, moving at 12 kilometers per second (27,000 mph). It struck granitic crust overlain by thick sediments and shallow ocean waters, blasting a roughly 100-kilometer-wide (62-mile-wide) crater and ejecting dense clouds of soot and dust into the atmosphere.
Two and a half minutes after the asteroid struck, a curtain of ejected material pushed a wall of water outward from the impact site, briefly forming a 4.5-kilometer-high (2.8-mile-high) wave that subsided as the ejecta fell back to Earth.
Ten minutes after the projectile hit the Yucatan, and 220 kilometers (137 miles) from the point of impact, a 1.5-kilometer-high (0.93-mile-high) tsunami wave — ring-shaped and outward-propagating — began sweeping across the ocean in all directions, according to the U-M simulation.
At the 10-minute mark, the results of Johnson’s iSALE hydrocode simulations were entered into two tsunami-propagation models, MOM6 and MOST, to track the giant waves across the ocean. MOM6 has been used to model tsunamis in the deep ocean, and NOAA uses the MOST model operationally for tsunami forecasts at its Tsunami Warning Centers.
“The big result here is that two global models with differing formulations gave almost identical results, and the geologic data on complete and incomplete sections are consistent with those results,” said Moore, professor emeritus of earth and environmental sciences. “The models and the verification data match nicely.”
According to the team’s simulation:
For the current study, the researchers did not attempt to estimate the extent of coastal flooding caused by the tsunami.
However, their models indicate that open-ocean wave heights in the Gulf of Mexico would have exceeded 100 meters (328 feet), with wave heights of more than 10 meters (32.8 feet) as the tsunami approached North Atlantic coastal regions and parts of South America’s Pacific coast.
As the tsunami neared those shorelines and encountered shallow bottom waters, wave heights would have increased dramatically through a process called shoaling. Current speeds would have exceeded the 20 centimeters per second threshold for most coastal areas worldwide.
“Depending on the geometries of the coast and the advancing waves, most coastal regions would be inundated and eroded to some extent,” according to the study authors. “Any historically documented tsunamis pale in comparison with such global impact.”
Video: https://youtu.be/hy6wfjqFBE0
A follow-up study is planned to model the extent of coastal inundation worldwide, Arbic said. That study will be led by Vasily Titov of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, who is a co-author of the AGU Advances paper.
In addition to Range, Arbic, Moore, Johnson and Titov, the study authors are Alistair Adcroft of Princeton University, Joseph Ansong of the University of Ghana, Christopher Hollis of Victoria University of Wellington, Christopher Scotese of the PALEOMAP Project, and He Wang of NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.
Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation and the University of Michigan Associate Professor Support Fund, which is supported by the Margaret and Herman Sokol Faculty Awards. The MOM6 simulations were carried out on the Flux supercomputer provided by the University of Michigan Advanced Research Computing Technical Services.
Reference:
Molly M. Range, Brian K. Arbic, Brandon C. Johnson, Theodore C. Moore,
Vasily Titov, Alistair J. Adcroft, Joseph K. Ansong, Christopher J.
Hollis, Jeroen Ritsema, Christopher R. Scotese, He Wang. The Chicxulub
Impact Produced a Powerful Global Tsunami. AGU Advances, 2022; 3 (5) DOI: 10.1029/2021AV000627
Note: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Michigan.
Nope, this isn't an old family recipe i picked it out of a newsletter, but it is good, really good. Ok better than good! Not really the same as something my Gran would make but more like what my Aunts would cook up, they were forever trying new recipes.
The original post came from someone who’d discovered their late "mom-mom’s" recipe for "peaches and cream pie," inside an old family heirloom after she passed. "I have been leaving no bible, cookbook, or other book un-leafed through in a quest to find a written down version of my mom-moms regionally famous peach pie recipe. It won two blue ribbons at our local town fair..." Finally, the Redditor found it, "Tucked away inside a family bible in her fabulous handwriting, along with two four leaf clovers and this tiny picture of her when she was around my current age. Mixing peach jello and vanilla pudding for the filling is such a chaotic move, I can't wait to try it out for myself."
The post now has over 2.1K upvotes and countless comments raving about the dessert.
"Wonderful story! Exactly why old recipes are so meaningful. They bring back memories. Tie us together in ways like nothing else. And, often remind us of the fabulous 'cook' who first shared the recipe with us," one commenter wrote. Another added, "Such an amazing treasure and connection to past generations when you find these hidden gems!"
Reading through those comments, I’ll admit I got teary-eyed (and even more determined to make this pie). Keep reading to see how I tackled it, how it turned out, and how to adapt it for your own taste preferences.
I couldn’t wait to make this "peaches and cream pie," so I gathered my ingredients and got started on the crust. First, I preheated the oven to 375 degrees F. In a bowl, I combined 18 squares' worth of crushed graham crackers (about 2 cups), 1/4 cup of granulated sugar, and 6 tablespoons of melted butter. Then I pressed that mixture into a prepared 9-inch pie pan and baked it for 6 minutes.
Next, I added 2 ounces of room temperature cream cheese and 1/2 cup of powdered sugar to a bowl and beat them together with an electric hand whisk. I folded in 1/2 cup of Cool Whip and spread the mixture evenly into the cooled graham cracker pie crust.
For the topping, I added one (3-ounce) package of peach Jell-O powder, one (3-ounce) package of vanilla pudding powder, and 1 1/4 cups of water to a saucepan on medium heat. I whisked the mixture until smooth, then cooked it for about 6 minutes until it nearly reached a boil. Then, I let it cool to room temperature.
Meanwhile, I sliced 2 cups-worth of fresh peaches and arranged them in a radial pattern over the creamy layer. Then I poured the peach Jell-O mixture on top. Finally, I popped the pie in the fridge for 4 hours to help it set before enjoying.
Ashia Aubourg
When I pulled this pie out of the fridge, I couldn’t believe how beautiful it looked. Those translucent orange hues practically glowed, and slicing into it revealed gorgeous layers of graham cracker crust, creamy filling, and the fruity topping, all stacked perfectly. I worried it might be too sweet, but it struck a near-perfect balance: fruity and light, not cloying at all. It felt like eating peach cheesecake without all the fuss. If you decide to make it in your kitchen, below are some variations you can try:
HAPPY EASTER TO ALL WHO CELEBRATE !!!!!
tEvery year the garden club in a nearby town holds book sale.
This year i only found one cassette and one gardening book. In that well worn and well used book was a wealth of information, , some very outdated methods for garden pest control, etc. But written in a beautiful script on the fly leaf of that old book on gardening was found the following.
LET YOU INNER CHILD DANCE WITH JOY
LET YOUR EYES SEE THE PROMISE OF EACH NEW DAY
LET YOUR HEART BE FILLED BY ADVENTURES OF ALL SIZES
LET TOMORROW BE A BETTER DAY
LET YOUR OPTIMISM BE INFECTIOUS
LET SHARING BE THE REWARD
LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE
LET YOUR WORDS AND DEEDS BE GENTLE
LET THERE BE PEACE ON EARTH
~~~~~UNKNOWN
Snow falls this Easter
Spring's first leaves trying to sprout
Calm soon fills with life
I wrote this haiku when contemplating the night before last's weather forecast, April weather has a mind of it's own hence snow is possible for this Easter. On 3 out of those the last 40 years measurable snow did fall. Who knows may-be this year also.
That brought back that bitterly cold morning, some 40 years ago. When the big "kids" went out to hide goodies. The memory of that year is pretty much etched in stone,
Being not much more than kids ourselves a "plan" was made. Instead of the egg hunt being held before lunch, it was held after lunch when the goodies had mostly melted out of the snow. The kids {of all ages} loved it, and thanks to the the fastidious habits of one parent {certainly not me}, each goodie, each item was sealed in a small plastic bag.
Lunch was particularly good that year also,
Written in about and egg hunt that happened about 40 years ago., The grown ups went out at dawn and hid Easter goodies for the little ones came back in for coffee and Easter gookies, when someone noticed it was snowing
under the bluest sky
no coal smoke on the wind
only buds swelling
April's full pink moon, it really doesn't mean winter is over, though i want it to be, there will still be the usual cold and icy morning or two,many rainy days, and may-be a day or even two with measurable snow. Here and there a a patch of early blooming bulbs, the warm spring sun on your face, sparkling clear light o midday. No birdsong yet. The woods are eerily quiet. If you look closely you might find a few ramps aka leeks. Perhaps some bits and pieces of something showing thru last Fall's leaf litter. A shingle, bottles, or a tool, marking where a home once stood. Poking thru last years' leaves as they break down into Mother Natures compost. Letting you know you are not the first person to walk this ground.
Earth teach me stillness as the grasses are stilled with light Earth teach me suffering as old stones suffer with memory. Eart...
